在8月28日的《自然》(Nature)杂志上,称作为modENCODE(模式生物DNA元件百科全书,Model Organism ENCylopedia Of DNA Elements)的一个多机构研究网络发布了四篇重要的论文,以前所未有的细节绘制并比较了人类和两种模式生物果蝇及线虫的基因组和表观基因组图谱。
Carlos L. Araya, Trupti Kawli, Anshul Kundaje, Lixia Jiang, Beijing Wu, Dionne Vafeados, Robert Terrell, Peter Weissdepp, Louis Gevirtzman, Daniel Mace, Wei Niu, Alan P. Boyle, Dan Xie, Lijia Ma, John I. Murray, Valerie Reinke, Robert H. Waterston & Michael Snyder. Regulatory analysis of the C. elegans genome with spatiotemporal resolution. Nature, 27 August 2014; doi:10.1038/nature13497
Alan P. Boyle, Carlos L. Araya, Cathleen Brdlik, Philip Cayting, Chao Cheng, Yong Cheng, Kathryn Gardner, LaDeana W. Hillier, Judith Janette, Lixia Jiang, Dionna Kasper, Trupti Kawli, Pouya Kheradpour, Anshul Kundaje, Jingyi Jessica Li, Lijia Ma, Wei Niu, E. Jay Rehm, Joel Rozowsky, Matthew Slattery, Rebecca Spokony, Robert Terrell, Dionne Vafeados, Daifeng Wang, Peter Weisdepp, Yi-Chieh Wu, Dan Xie, Koon-Kiu Yan, Elise A. Feingold, Peter J. Good, Michael J. Pazin, Haiyan Huang, Peter J. Bickel, Steven E. Brenner, Valerie Reinke, Robert H. Waterston, Mark Gerstein, Kevin P. White, Manolis Kellis & Michael Snyder. Comparative analysis of regulatory information and circuits across distantspecies. Nature, 27 August 2014; doi:10.1038/nature13668
Mark B. Gerstein, Joel Rozowsky, Koon-Kiu Yan, Daifeng Wang, Chao Cheng, James B. Brown, Carrie A. Davis, LaDeana Hillier, Cristina Sisu, Jingyi Jessica Li, Baikang Pei, Arif O. Harmanci, Michael O. Duff, Sarah Djebali, Roger P. Alexander, Burak H. Alver, Raymond Auerbach, Kimberly Bell, Peter J. Bickel, Max E. Boeck, Nathan P. Boley, Benjamin W. Booth, Lucy Cherbas, Peter Cherbas, Chao Di, Alex Dobin, Jorg Drenkow, Brent Ewing, Gang Fang, Megan Fastuca, Elise A. Feingold, Adam Frankish, Guanjun Gao, Peter J. Good, Roderic Guigó, Ann Hammonds, Jen Harrow, Roger A. Hoskins, Cédric Howald, Long Hu, Haiyan Huang, Tim J. P. Hubbard, Chau Huynh, Sonali Jha, Dionna Kasper, Masaomi Kato, Thomas C. Kaufman, Robert R. Kitchen, Erik Ladewig, Julien Lagarde, Eric Lai, Jing Leng, Zhi Lu, Michael MacCoss, Gemma May, Rebecca McWhirter, Gennifer Merrihew, David M. Miller, Ali Mortazavi, Rabi Murad, Brian Oliver, Sara Olson, Peter J. Park, Michael J. Pazin, Norbert Perrimon, Dmitri Pervouchine, Valerie Reinke, Alexandre Reymond, Garrett Robinson, Anastasia Samsonova, Gary I. Saunders, Felix Schlesinger, Anurag Sethi, Frank J. Slack, William C. Spencer, Marcus H. Stoiber, Pnina Strasbourger, Andrea Tanzer, Owen A. Thompson, Kenneth H. Wan, Guilin Wang, Huaien Wang, Kathie L. Watkins, Jiayu Wen, Kejia Wen, Chenghai Xue, Li Yang, Kevin Yip, Chris Zaleski, Yan Zhang, Henry Zheng, Steven E. Brenner, Brenton R. Graveley, Susan E. Celniker, Thomas R. Gingeras & Robert Waterston. Comparative analysis of the transcriptome across distant species. Nature, 27 August 2014; doi:10.1038/nature13424
Joshua W. K. Ho, Youngsook L. Jung, Tao Liu, Burak H. Alver, Soohyun Lee, Kohta Ikegami, Kyung-Ah Sohn, Aki Minoda, Michael Y. Tolstorukov, Alex Appert, Stephen C. J. Parker, Tingting Gu, Anshul Kundaje, Nicole C. Riddle, Eric Bishop, Thea A. Egelhofer, Sheng’en Shawn Hu, Artyom A. Alekseyenko, Andreas Rechtsteiner, Dalal Asker, Jason A. Belsky, Sarah K. Bowman, Q. Brent Chen, Ron A.-J. Chen, Daniel S. Day, Yan Dong, Andrea C. Dose, Xikun Duan, Charles B. Epstein, Sevinc Ercan, Elise A. Feingold, Francesco Ferrari, Jacob M. Garrigues, Nils Gehlenborg, Peter J. Good, Psalm Haseley, Daniel He, Moritz Herrmann, Michael M. Hoffman, Tess E. Jeffers, Peter V. Kharchenko, Paulina Kolasinska-Zwierz, Chitra V. Kotwaliwale, Nischay Kumar, Sasha A. Langley, Erica N. Larschan, Isabel Latorre, Maxwell W. Libbrecht, Xueqiu Lin, Richard Park, Michael J. Pazin, Hoang N. Pham, Annette Plachetka, Bo Qin, Yuri B. Schwartz, Noam Shoresh, Przemyslaw Stempor, Anne Vielle, Chengyang Wang, Christina M. Whittle, Huiling Xue, Robert E. Kingston, Ju Han Kim, Bradley E. Bernstein, Abby F. Dernburg, Vincenzo Pirrotta, Mitzi I. Kuroda, William S. Noble, Thomas D. Tullius, Manolis Kellis, David M. MacAlpine, Susan Strome, Sarah C. R. Elgin, Xiaole Shirley Liu, Jason D. Lieb, Julie Ahringer, Gary H. Karpen & Peter J. Park. Comparative analysis of metazoan chromatin organization. Nature, 27 August 2014; doi:10.1038/nature13415
科学普及
Nature:“生命百科全书”项目发布重大成果
我们从父母处继承的基因组塑造了我们生活的许多方面。然而除了基因组,我们还有一套在发育过程被设置好的表观基因组,其是由我们DNA上的化学标记以及确定基因表达或沉默的支持蛋白所构成。我们的,以及有可能我们父母和祖父母的生活习惯和环境暴露都可以改变这一表观基因组。
这意味着我们对自身的健康负有重大的责任,并且或许可以借此诊断和治疗许多由基因表达失常而非基因突变导致的疾病。其中包括:癌症、阿尔茨海默氏症、糖尿病和许多无法治愈的、往往是破坏性的自身免疫疾病。
在8月28日的《自然》(Nature)杂志上,称作为modENCODE(模式生物DNA元件百科全书,Model Organism ENCylopedia Of DNA Elements)的一个多机构研究网络发布了四篇重要的论文,以前所未有的细节绘制并比较了人类和两种模式生物果蝇及线虫的基因组和表观基因组图谱。
研究人员发现这些物种具有许多共同的关键基因组过程,反映出它们具有共同的祖先。还详细地描述了三大物种利用蛋白质包装将DNA压缩到细胞核中去,以及通过控制对DNA的访问来控制基因组功能的一些相似途径。新研究提供了关于胚胎发育、基因调控和其他生物过程的一些新认识,对于了解人类的生物学和疾病至关重要。
在第一项研究中,由耶鲁大学生物医学信息学教授Mark Gerstein博士和其他人领导的科学家们,分析了人类、果蝇和线虫的转录组。他们利用 ENCODE和modENCODE计划生成的大量基因表达数据,发现了三个物种共享的一些基因表达模式,尤其是一些发育基因。研究人员证实,在许多方面 DNA包装到细胞中的方式是相似的,并且在许多情况下,这些物种以一种协调的方式共享开启和关闭一些基因的程序。更具体地说来,他们利用了一些基因表达模式来匹配线虫和果蝇的一些发育阶段,发现它们彼此平行利用了数组基因。他们还发现一些在线虫和果蝇胚胎中特异性表达的基因,也在蝇蛹中再次表达。蛹是幼虫和成虫之间的一个中间阶段。研究人员发现在所有三个生物中,根据一些基因启动子处染色质的某些特征就可以定量预测一些蛋白质编码基因和非编码基因的表达水平。一个基因的启动子告知了细胞机器从哪里开始将DNA复制为RNA。DNA被包装在细胞的染色质中,这种包装发生改变可以调控基因的功能。论文的共同资深作者、劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室基因组动态部门负责人Susan Celniker 说“我们的研究结果为了解基因表达以及我们如何思考转录的作用开启了全新的世界。modENCODE帮助设立了标准,应该如何生成和编录这类数据。”
第二个科学家小组调查了在三大物种中染色质的组织机制以及它对于基因调控的影响。利用modENCODE和ENCODE的数据,科学家们比较了细胞访问内部DNA必需的染色质修饰模式,以及这些修饰所导致的DNA复制模式的改变。研究人员发现三个物种中具有许多相似的染色质特征。论文的共同资深作者、芝加哥大学人类遗传学教授Jason Lieb博士说:“我们发现三种生物所利用的染色质修饰高度保守。”他指出,人们对染色质抱有极大的兴趣,是因为它与一些疾病如癌症具有潜在的联系。大量的研究表明,一些癌症有可能一定程度上是由染色质相关的一些基因发生突变所驱动。
在第三项研究中,科学家们探究了基因组调控的相似之处。科学家们将焦点放到了一些转录调控因子上。这些关键的蛋白质调控因子决定了哪些祖细胞最终会变为皮肤细胞、肾细胞和眼细胞。“有一些关键的协调因子,它们结合到控制细胞命运的开关上。基因组学一个重大的问题就是要确定哪些因子协调作用开启了哪些基因,”论文的共同资深作者、斯坦福大学基因组学和个体化医疗中心主任Michael Snyder博士说。研究人员发现,一些转录因子往往结合到三个物种基因组中一些相似的DNA序列上,表明了“关于调控信息在基因组中的排布方式,有一些普遍特性保守存在于三大物种中。总体调控原则或多或少相似,”Snyder博士说。不过,他们也发现了一些差异。一些转录因子跨物种结合了极少的相同靶标,它们大多在不同的时期表达。
包括这些新发布的研究在内,有几十篇modENCODE协会的论文已经或即将发表在今年的Nature、Genome Research、Genome Biology和PNAS等杂志上。其他的这些论文报告了与更深入地分析一个或多个物种,方法开发以及调查特殊生物过程相关的研究。这些论文是2012年终结研究资金的modENCODE计划研究成果的高潮。这一计划外的一些研究团体利用modENCODE数据也已发布了超过100篇的论文。可以预计,由 modENCODE生成的数据和资源在未来数年里将继续为更广泛的研究团体所利用。
原文检索:
Carlos L. Araya, Trupti Kawli, Anshul Kundaje, Lixia Jiang, Beijing Wu, Dionne Vafeados, Robert Terrell, Peter Weissdepp, Louis Gevirtzman, Daniel Mace, Wei Niu, Alan P. Boyle, Dan Xie, Lijia Ma, John I. Murray, Valerie Reinke, Robert H. Waterston & Michael Snyder. Regulatory analysis of the C. elegans genome with spatiotemporal resolution. Nature, 27 August 2014; doi:10.1038/nature13497
Alan P. Boyle, Carlos L. Araya, Cathleen Brdlik, Philip Cayting, Chao Cheng, Yong Cheng, Kathryn Gardner, LaDeana W. Hillier, Judith Janette, Lixia Jiang, Dionna Kasper, Trupti Kawli, Pouya Kheradpour, Anshul Kundaje, Jingyi Jessica Li, Lijia Ma, Wei Niu, E. Jay Rehm, Joel Rozowsky, Matthew Slattery, Rebecca Spokony, Robert Terrell, Dionne Vafeados, Daifeng Wang, Peter Weisdepp, Yi-Chieh Wu, Dan Xie, Koon-Kiu Yan, Elise A. Feingold, Peter J. Good, Michael J. Pazin, Haiyan Huang, Peter J. Bickel, Steven E. Brenner, Valerie Reinke, Robert H. Waterston, Mark Gerstein, Kevin P. White, Manolis Kellis & Michael Snyder. Comparative analysis of regulatory information and circuits across distantspecies. Nature, 27 August 2014; doi:10.1038/nature13668
Mark B. Gerstein, Joel Rozowsky, Koon-Kiu Yan, Daifeng Wang, Chao Cheng, James B. Brown, Carrie A. Davis, LaDeana Hillier, Cristina Sisu, Jingyi Jessica Li, Baikang Pei, Arif O. Harmanci, Michael O. Duff, Sarah Djebali, Roger P. Alexander, Burak H. Alver, Raymond Auerbach, Kimberly Bell, Peter J. Bickel, Max E. Boeck, Nathan P. Boley, Benjamin W. Booth, Lucy Cherbas, Peter Cherbas, Chao Di, Alex Dobin, Jorg Drenkow, Brent Ewing, Gang Fang, Megan Fastuca, Elise A. Feingold, Adam Frankish, Guanjun Gao, Peter J. Good, Roderic Guigó, Ann Hammonds, Jen Harrow, Roger A. Hoskins, Cédric Howald, Long Hu, Haiyan Huang, Tim J. P. Hubbard, Chau Huynh, Sonali Jha, Dionna Kasper, Masaomi Kato, Thomas C. Kaufman, Robert R. Kitchen, Erik Ladewig, Julien Lagarde, Eric Lai, Jing Leng, Zhi Lu, Michael MacCoss, Gemma May, Rebecca McWhirter, Gennifer Merrihew, David M. Miller, Ali Mortazavi, Rabi Murad, Brian Oliver, Sara Olson, Peter J. Park, Michael J. Pazin, Norbert Perrimon, Dmitri Pervouchine, Valerie Reinke, Alexandre Reymond, Garrett Robinson, Anastasia Samsonova, Gary I. Saunders, Felix Schlesinger, Anurag Sethi, Frank J. Slack, William C. Spencer, Marcus H. Stoiber, Pnina Strasbourger, Andrea Tanzer, Owen A. Thompson, Kenneth H. Wan, Guilin Wang, Huaien Wang, Kathie L. Watkins, Jiayu Wen, Kejia Wen, Chenghai Xue, Li Yang, Kevin Yip, Chris Zaleski, Yan Zhang, Henry Zheng, Steven E. Brenner, Brenton R. Graveley, Susan E. Celniker, Thomas R. Gingeras & Robert Waterston. Comparative analysis of the transcriptome across distant species. Nature, 27 August 2014; doi:10.1038/nature13424
Joshua W. K. Ho, Youngsook L. Jung, Tao Liu, Burak H. Alver, Soohyun Lee, Kohta Ikegami, Kyung-Ah Sohn, Aki Minoda, Michael Y. Tolstorukov, Alex Appert, Stephen C. J. Parker, Tingting Gu, Anshul Kundaje, Nicole C. Riddle, Eric Bishop, Thea A. Egelhofer, Sheng’en Shawn Hu, Artyom A. Alekseyenko, Andreas Rechtsteiner, Dalal Asker, Jason A. Belsky, Sarah K. Bowman, Q. Brent Chen, Ron A.-J. Chen, Daniel S. Day, Yan Dong, Andrea C. Dose, Xikun Duan, Charles B. Epstein, Sevinc Ercan, Elise A. Feingold, Francesco Ferrari, Jacob M. Garrigues, Nils Gehlenborg, Peter J. Good, Psalm Haseley, Daniel He, Moritz Herrmann, Michael M. Hoffman, Tess E. Jeffers, Peter V. Kharchenko, Paulina Kolasinska-Zwierz, Chitra V. Kotwaliwale, Nischay Kumar, Sasha A. Langley, Erica N. Larschan, Isabel Latorre, Maxwell W. Libbrecht, Xueqiu Lin, Richard Park, Michael J. Pazin, Hoang N. Pham, Annette Plachetka, Bo Qin, Yuri B. Schwartz, Noam Shoresh, Przemyslaw Stempor, Anne Vielle, Chengyang Wang, Christina M. Whittle, Huiling Xue, Robert E. Kingston, Ju Han Kim, Bradley E. Bernstein, Abby F. Dernburg, Vincenzo Pirrotta, Mitzi I. Kuroda, William S. Noble, Thomas D. Tullius, Manolis Kellis, David M. MacAlpine, Susan Strome, Sarah C. R. Elgin, Xiaole Shirley Liu, Jason D. Lieb, Julie Ahringer, Gary H. Karpen & Peter J. Park. Comparative analysis of metazoan chromatin organization. Nature, 27 August 2014; doi:10.1038/nature13415
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